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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
formes verbales
séquences passives
beauxiliaire / getauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé (+ by + N)
Every day a child under 5 is killed or Øis seriously injured on our roads [ présent passif affirmatif ]
The Guardian p. 13 3 August 2005
'He was fast... he ran you right over': what it's like to get hit by an SUV' [ to -> base verbale passive affirmative ]
The young bride is institutionalized [ présent passif affirmatif ] for schizophrenia!
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Comics Fran Matera 17 October 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
Robert Kennedy was killed 55 years ago. How should he be remembered?
June 5, 2023 NPR
Jennifer was bullied daily until someone unexpected stepped in and changed her world
December 13, 2022 NPR
syntaxe
verbeau participe passé seul,
COLLY (Ø) BEATEN UP BY RUGBY STARS
1 November 2004
haveauxiliaire + been + verbeau participe passé
modal + beauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
other rotten eggs... that should be recalled
Dave Granlund Massachusetts Cagle 28 August 2010
Related Growing Concern About Tainted Eggs After Recall
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/
to -> beauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
//
mode infinitif + passif en français
Les formes passives sont fréquentes en anglais :
R. Kelly is sentenced to 30 years in prison
Updated June 29, 2022 NPR
In Death, Girl, 2,
Is Caught in Fight Over Organs NOV. 16, 2014 The New York Times By KIM BARKER and NATE SCHWEBER
In Death, Girl, 2, Is
Caught in Fight Over Organs,
Autopsy Shows Michael Brown Was Struck
at Least 6 Times AUG. 17, 2014 The New York Times By FRANCES ROBLES and JULIE BOSMAN
FERGUSON, Mo. — Michael Brown, the unarmed black teenager who was killed by a police officer, sparking protests around the nation, was shot at least six times, including twice in the head, a preliminary private autopsy performed on Sunday found.
Autopsy Shows Michael Brown Was Struck at
Least 6 Times,
When Emily Was Sold for Sex
FEB. 12, 2014 The New York Times Nicholas Kristof
BOSTON — Emily, a 15-year-old ninth-grader, ran away from home in early November, and her parents are sitting at their dining table, frightened and inconsolable. The parents, Maria and Benjamin, both school-bus drivers, have been searching for their daughter all along and pushing the police to investigate. They gingerly confess their fears that Emily, a Latina, is being controlled by a pimp.
When Emily Was Sold for Sex, NYT, 12.2.2014,
Killer’s Mother Was Shot 4 Times, Official Says
December 18, 2012 The New York Times By MICHAEL S. SCHMIDT
Killer’s Mother Was Shot 4 Times, Official Says, 18.12.2012,
NASA Says It Was Hacked 13 Times Last Year
March 2, 2012 The New York Times By REUTERS
(Reuters) - NASA said hackers broke into its computer systems 13 times last year, stealing employee credentials and gaining access to mission-critical projects in breaches that could compromise U.S. national security.
NASA Says It Was Hacked 13 Times Last Year,
NYT, 2.3.2012,
More Human Remains Are Found on Long Island
February 18, 2012
Another set of human remains was discovered in a wooded area of eastern Long Island that has become a dumping ground for bodies over the years, the authorities said on Saturday.
More Human Remains Are Found on Long
Island, NYT, 18.2.2012,
Condom ads could be screened
[ modal + passif : be est en base verbale car un modal est toujours suivi d'une base verbale ]
before 9pm watershed
Watchdogs call for radical shakeup of advertising rules
Rebecca Smithers
Photo caption : The ban on condoms being advertised on TV before 9pm could be scrapped.
The historic ban on condoms being advertised on TV before the 9pm watershed should be scrapped as part of the drive to reduce spiralling teenage pregnancy rates in the UK, it will be recommended tomorrow, as part of a radical shakeup of the rules governing advertising.
Pregnancy advisory services should also be permitted to advertise for the first time on the radio, under proposals resulting from the first major review of national advertising codes for nearly 50 years.
The bodies responsible for looking after the advertising codes will ask the public to give their views on a series of proposed new, simplified advertising standards, after an 18-month review. The codes are written [ présent passif ] by the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (Bcap) [ by N : complément d'agent ] .
Condom ads
could be screened before 9pm watershed,
Carter Wins Release of American in North Korea
The New York Times August 27, 2010 By CHOE SANG-HUN and SHARON LaFRANIERE
SEOUL, South Korea — Former President Jimmy Carter left North Korea on Friday with Aijalon Mahli Gomes, an American who was sentenced [ passé temporel passif ] to eight years of hard labor for illegally entering the country, the Carter Center said.
Mr. Gomes was granted [ passé temporel passif ] amnesty by the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il, the Carter Center said in an e-mail. Mr. Gomes, 31, and Mr. Carter boarded a plane at the Pyongyang Airport.
“It is expected [ présent passif ] that Mr. Gomes will be returned [ modal + passif ] to Boston, Mass., early Friday afternoon, to be reunited [ infinitif passif ] with his mother and other members of his family,” the statement said.
Mr. Carter had been visiting Pyongyang, the North Korean capital, on a private humanitarian mission to win the release of Mr. Gomes, who was sentenced in April to eight years in a North Korean prison and fined $700,000 for entering the country illegally. There has also been speculation that North Korea might try to use Mr. Carter
as a conduit to ease
tensions with the United States. at the invitation of the North Korean government, but it was not known whether he met with Mr. Kim, the North Korean leader. South Korean officials said Thursday that a special train [ ellipse : which was ] believed to be carrying Mr. Kim had entered China around midnight on Wednesday, setting off speculation over what might have compelled him to travel to his isolated government’s closest ally while Mr. Carter was visiting. After watching Mr. Kim’s movements for the past few days, the South Korean authorities said his train had crossed the border with China, traveling from the North Korean town of Manpo to Jian in China, according to an official at the presidential Blue House in Seoul. Two South Korean intelligence sources who, like the presidential aide, spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the delicacy of the matter, said Mr. Kim might be taking his son with him to introduce him formally to Chinese leaders.
South Korean news outlets raised the same possibility. as successor, according to South Korean officials. North Korea is to convene a congress of its ruling Workers’ Party early next month, where Mr. Kim is expected [ présent passif affirmatif ]
to rally popular support for his succession plans. (...)
Carter Wins Release
of American in North Korea, NYT, 27.8.2010,
Auxiliaire du passif : be.
Comme beverbe, beauxiliaire se conjugue au présent (singulier : am, are, is, pluriel : are, are, are). ou au passé temporel (was / were).
Exemple : He was [ beauxiliaire au passé temporel ] rushed to the hospital a few minutes ago.
Exceptions :
Au present perfect passif (1) et au past perfect passif (2), beauxiliaire est au participe passé : been.
1 - He has been rushed to the hospital.
2 - He had been left for dead.
Ces énoncés ont donc chacun 2 auxiliaires :
have - conjugué au présent (1) puis au passé temporel (2) - et be au participe passé (been).
Dans un groupe verbal (GV) modalisé, l'auxiliaire du passif, be, apparaît en base verbale (forme non conjuguée du verbe), puisqu'un modal porte toujours sur une base verbale :
You could be killed.
It can be said...
Dans un GV à la forme affirmative, un modal (will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must) est toujours suivi de la base verbale :
modal + Base Verbale.
Un adverbe peut s'insérer entre modal et base verbale.
Dans un groupe verbal (GV) au passif, beauxiliaire, qu'il soit en base verbale, conjugué (présent ou passé temporel), ou au participe passé, est toujours suivi du participe passé du verbe (ici done) :
Participe passé régulier ou irrégulier
Il y a 2 catégories de verbes en anglais : réguliers et irréguliers.
Au participe passé, chaque verbe irrégulier a sa propre forme.
Exemples :
take (base verbale), took (passé temporel), taken (participe passé)
cut cut cut
run ran run
show showed shown
find found found
shoot shot shot
Conjugaison > Exemple :
He was [ beauxiliaire conjugué au passé temporel ] shot [ participe passé du verbe irrégulier shoot ].
Les verbes réguliers prennent régulièrement (toujours) -ed au participe passé :
BV + -ed > jail + -ed = jailed
Exemple : He was jailed.
Five [ ellipse de beauxiliaire > are ] arrested over fatal stabbing of teenager Zac Olumegbon
Boy of 15 was ambushed at the gates of his school in south London, and fell into the arms of his teacher
Guardian.co.uk
This article was published on guardian.co.uk at 13.27 BST on Saturday 3 July 2010
from Brixton Hill in south London, was confronted [ passé temporel passif ] by four young men [ Ncomplément d'agent ] at the gates of Park Campus School in West Norwood yesterday morning.
He was stabbed several times and afterwards fell into the arms of his teacher. He was confirmed dead shortly after arriving at hospital. Zac's 14-year-old companion ran back to the school to seek safety after the attack, but was also stabbed in the arm in the school grounds. He was taken to hospital with minor injuries. "I am now satisfied this was a planned attack, with four black males arriving in the area in a car," said Det Ch Insp McFarlane from the Metropolitan Police Homicide and Serious Crime Command "Our inquiries have so far led me to believe that a confrontation took place outside the school involving the two victims and the suspects. "The victims were chased into Gipsy Road Gardens where, sadly, the 15-year-old suffered fatal injuries. "The 14-year-old then ran back to the school to seek safety, but was attacked in the grounds of the school, suffering minor injuries. "Following the attack the four males left in the car and headed in the direction of Gipsy Hill." A local shopkeeper described how Zac fell into the arms of a teacher after the attack. "She had her hands open but it was too late and he collapsed in her arms," said Saima Sadfdar. "I was told there were three or four people with a big knife. Apparently one of the teachers realised something was going on and ran out to help." She said she knew Zac, who was "no trouble". Zac's family was too upset to comment but his friends laid flowers near the murder scene. Leonie Arecha, who said she was a friend of the dead teenager, laid a bunch of flowers at the spot where he was killed. An attached card read: "I will always remember you. The good, the bad times no matter what. I will always miss you and see you when I come up there." Arecha told the Guardian: "He was my friend. We called him 'little Zac' and I had known him about a year. He was funny, I really don't know why he was attacked." Park Campus was opened two years ago and hailed as the first school of its kind in Britain, aimed at getting young people back into mainstream education. Residents said the school had developed a reputation for trouble since it opened. Rose Gabriel, who lives nearby, said: "We were kind of expecting something to kick off at some point. It's a shame it had to happen like this." All pupils at the school, which has 80 places, were kept inside for questioning by teachers and police yesterday.
A post-mortem examination will be held [ modal + passif ] at Greenwich Mortuary today.
Zac was the 13th teenager to be killed [ infinitif passif ] in the capital this year.
Five arrested over fatal
stabbing of teenager Zac Olumegbon,
Souligné dans le texte original, beauxiliaire peut porter l'accent de phrase et valider / certifier, tel un sceau, la relation prédicative :
Intelligence chief's bombshell: We were overruled on dossier' Headline, I, 4.1.2004 http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=487557
Dans un énoncé au passif, le référent du sujet est souvent (mais pas toujours) présenté comme subissant l'action.
(la "réalité"), le sujet est tout sauf secondaire sur le plan linguistique :
cadré en gros plan, le sujet occupe le devant de la scène / de la phrase (noter à nouveau, ci-dessous, l'ellipse de beauxiliaire) :
COLLY Ø BEATEN UP BY RUGBY STARS
The Guardian p. 8 30 October 2004
Two girls were caught [ passé temporel passif ] by police throwing bricks at cars from a footbridge over the M25 - but had to be released [ infinitif passif ] because aged nine they were too young to be prosecuted [ infinitif passif ].
Nine-year-olds caught throwing
bricks on to M25,
La voix passive a ici le même effet qu'un gros plan :
au lieu de cadrer policiers et petites filles, on isole dans un gros plan les enfants - Two girls -, sur laquelle s'abat la main du policier / de la police.
A noter qu'ici le complément d'agent - by police - est mentionné.
Dans nombre d'énoncés, ce complément reste "hors champ" :
Ncomplément d'agent (introduit par by) est sous-entendu.
Transformer l'actif en passif, c'est souvent renverser la perspective, changer d'angle, de plan, d'échelle, de point de vue (champ / contre-champ, plongée / contre-plongée) :
Soon after Mrs. H. leaves the day care center, she's pulled over by the police!
Rex Morgan Woody Wilson and Graham Nolan Created in 1948 by Nicholas P. Dallis 1 November 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/rmorgan/about.htm
Ci-dessous, le sous-titre est d'abord à l'actif (Une de l'édition internet du Guardian),
Goliath falls but Angel flies towards Els fire Sport: Bernhard Langer knocks out Vijay Singh as Ernie Els scraps into the semi-finals with his final putt.
puis repris au passif dans le corps de l'article :
Goliath falls but Angel flies towards Els fire The world No1 is knocked out by Langer but the world No2 survives to reach the semi-finals Headline and sub, G, 16.10.2004
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/oct/16/
peut aussi être purement linguistique, sans référence à un état passif - le fait d'être victime, de souffrir, de subir - dans l'extralinguistique (la "réalité") :
'We want to play an old folks' home' The Noisettes are being called Britain's best live band. It's all about picking the right venues,
they tell Leonie Cooper
https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jan/16/
It is said that ... / N is said to -> Base Verbale
it is thought that...
It is expected that ...
They are expected to + Base Verbale...
is believed to be London's youngest gun crime victim
Dans ces cas, le passif anglais peut se traduire en français
soit par la tournure impersonnelle
"on dit que / pense que / s'attend à ce que... ";
soit par le conditionnel :
"La petite fille blessée par balles à la poitrine serait la plus jeune victime..."
rappel : structures passives fréquentes
passif simple
second US hostage is killed (présent passif simple)
infinitif passif
Victim of cannibal agreed to be eaten
modal + base verbale passive
Schoolgirls should be given contraceptive injections
present perfect passif
I have been stoned, I have been beaten.
past perfect passif
A terrorist who had been convicted of six murders...
équivalent du subjonctif passif
Woman Is Burned Alive in an Elevator in Brooklyn Woman Is Burned Alive in an Elevator in Brooklyn,
Schoolgirls should be given contraceptive injections to cut the rising number of teenage pregnancies, according to the children's minister, Margaret Hodge.
Minister backs contraceptive
jabs to cut teen pregnancies,
Glimmer of hope for Briton but second US hostage is killed
Iraq claims woman prisoner [ ellipse de beauxiliaire > is ] to be released
Headline and sub,
G, 22.9.2004,
Blair to unveil crime superforce
Intelligence-led agency to be launched [ infinitif passif ] to take on the 'Mr Bigs' of international criminal cartels
Tony Blair is to unveil a crime-busting superforce to tackle organised drugs, vice and money-laundering operations at a national and international level. The Organised Crime Agency, to be announced [ infinitif passif ] early next week, will combine elements of police and law enforcement units, such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) and Customs, with highly-skilled financial and technology specialists to fight increasingly sophisticated global criminal cartels.
Headline,
sub and first §§, G, 7.2.2004,
Victim of cannibal agreed to be eaten [ infinitif passif ]
Headline, G, 4.12.2003,
But, she alleges, she was subsequently gang-raped by up to seven other players and forced to perform unnatural sexual acts. Crisis rocks game, V, 7.10.2003.
A Special Branch detective was stabbed to death by a suspected Al Qaeda terrorist last night. The 40-year-old married man was killed during a raid on a house in Manchester which had been under surveillance for days. Four other officers were wounded as police swooped on a man suspected of masterminding a plot to launch a bio-terror attack on Britain. The raid was linked to the discovery of the deadly poison ricin in London earlier this month. Greater Manchester Police said three men of North African origin had been arrested. The force's Special Branch had been conducting a joint operation with MI5 watching the house in Crumpsall, North Manchester, a rundown area of Victorian houses and modern blocks of flat. It is believed that after police raided the property and 'contained' the suspects, one managed to break away. He grabbed a knife and launched a furious attack on officers, leaving one dying from a chest wound. None of the police had been armed. It was not clear whether the murdered detective, who was married with children, was wearing protective clothing.
Five officers stabbed in raid in a suburban
street:
The reality matched the hype yesterday as the latest Harry Potter book continued to fly off the shelves at a record rate. More than 1m copies of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix are estimated to have been sold in Britain over the weekend. An average of 220 copies were bought every minute at Tesco supermarkets, with 317,400 copies sold by the chain in the first 24 hours after the book went on sale at one minute past midnight on Saturday. Harry casts worlwide spell, GI, p. 5, 23.6.2003.
Black people are five times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched by police and, once arrested, are more likely to be remanded in custody than other offenders charged with similar sentences.
Black people six
times more likely to be jailed than whites,
The burglar who was injured by Tony Martin after breaking into his home is to sue the farmer for £15,000 compensation for loss of earnings, it emerged yesterday.
Burglar wounded in
break-in will sur for loss of earnings,
All young people are to be warned intégré dans une forme verbale exprimant le futur ] about the dangers of crack cocaine amid growing evidence that dealing it is seen as an attractive career option by some, under a Home Office strategy unveiled yesterday.
Crack warning for
the young,
Forty new jails would have to be built [ infinitif passif ] to cope with a prison population which will reach almost 110,000 by the end of the decade, according to Home Office statistics published yesterday.
40 new jails
needed as courts get tougher,
A terrorist who had been convicted [ past perfect passif ] of six murders was found shot dead in a wood at the weekend in a suspected suicide just weeks after he had been released [ past perfect passif ] on parole.
Eta murderer
commits suicide after release,
The two suspects were taken without a struggle. After their arrest in the early hours of the morning, a rifle of the same calibre used in the attacks was found in their car, along with telescopic sights and a tripod. A hole had been drilled [ past perfect passif ] in the boot of the two men's Chevrolet, which could have allowed them to shoot from the car if they had pushed the back seat down to make an improvised sniper's nest.
Found asleep but
ready to kill: Gulf veteran and the teenager,
An Italian photographer was killed by Israeli machine-gun fire in fierce fighting in central Ramallah yesterday. He was the first foreign journalist to be killed [ infinitif passif ]
in the 18 months of the Palestinian uprising. A French photographer was injured by shrapnel yesterday and an Egyptian cameraman was hit when Israeli troops shot at his car – which was marked with TV signs – but the bullets were stopped by his flat jacket. Israeli shots kill journalist, GE, p. 6, 14.3.2002.
In Santiago City, Philippines, mobiles are banned in public to "forestall the occurrence of accident and disturbance". Hi, I'm in G2, G2, p. 5, 11.11.2002.
Railtrack and Thames Trains are to be prosecuted intégré dans une forme verbale exprimant le futur ]
over their roles in the 1999 Paddington rail crash, in which 31 people died and a further 500 were injured, it was announced yesterday. Paddington rail crash to be prosecuted, GE, p. 5, 14.3.2002
‘I have been stoned, I have been beaten. [ present perfect passif ] My family is in hiding.’ Thousands flee Mugabe retribution, O, p. 25, 25.3.2002.
An attempt was made to kidnap Princess Anne as she drove along The Mall in London. Her car was ambushed and shot at, with one bullet passing between her and Captain Mark Phillips. The gunman was chased into St. James’ Park where he was apprehended. Ian Ball (right) was detained without limit of time under the Mental Health Act.
Man accused
of bid to kill royal bodyguard,
énoncés modalisés au passif
modal + beauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
The Guardian Society 1 p. 13 21 June 2006
The Guardian p. 15 24 June 2006
Condom ads could be screened before 9pm watershed
Watchdogs call for radical shakeup of advertising rules to stem rise in teenage pregnancies
Thursday 26 March 2009
The historic ban on condoms being advertised on TV before the
9pm watershed should be scrapped as part of
the drive to reduce spiralling teenage pregnancy rates in the UK,
it
will be recommended tomorrow, as part of a
radical shakeup of the rules governing advertising.
Condom ads could be screened before 9pm
watershed,
impératif passif négatif
doauxiliaire + not + get + verbeau participe passé
Don't get dragged! Iditarod musher shares tales from the trail
November 16, 2021 NPR
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
passif > verbes à particule adverbiale
équivalents anglais du conditionnel
séquences auxilaires / verbales :
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