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learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
present perfect actif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
+
adverbe / marqueur de temps
present perfect
valeurs énonciatives
bilan jusqu'au présent
President Obama took [ passé actif affirmatif ] office,
he has failed [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
to bring to justice anyone responsible for the torture of terrorism suspects — an official government program conceived and carried out in the years after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses, 21 December 2014 NYT,
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/
Since passage of the Affordable Care Act, has the number of uninsured Americans increased, decreased or stayed the same? [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
Since passage of the Affordable Care Act, has the number of uninsured Americans increased, decreased or stayed the same? NPR Jan. 12, 2017
https://www.npr.org/2017/01/12/
E-cigarette users have tripled [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
to 2 million since 2012, [ since + début du bilan ]
study finds G Monday 28 April 2014
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/apr/28/
The Guardian p. 1 29 January 2007
marqueurs de temps
+
present perfect actif affirmatif (haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé)
In the span of a couple of weeks,
this year,
in five years,
in one year,
in two decades,
in almost 20 years,
in recent years,
as yet,
yet,
just,
in the year,
ever,
now,
long,
so far this year,
already,
finally,
Throughout history and across cultures
Since marque le début de la période de référence du bilan :
E-cigarette users have tripled to 2 million since 2012, study finds
Monday 28 April 2014,
in the weeks since,
ever since,
since the first American troops landed in Afghanistan,
Jeff Parker cartoon Florida Today Cagle 16 December 2010
R: U.S. president Barack Obama
Donkey = Democrats Elephant = Republicans
for [ depuis > durée de la période du bilan ] + the past several years,
for years,
for X years,
for more than three decades,
for [ pour ] the first time in a generation,
for [ depuis ] more than a year,
for [ depuis ] the past 26 years,
For [ depuis ] the last couple of hours,
since [ depuis > point de départ de la période du bilan ] 1999 / then / Christmas / the last recession,
since she disappeared [ passé ],
since separating from my husband five years ago,
since he was [ passé ] 13,
since the start of the year, since time immemorial,
after serving time for a 2006 theft conviction,
present perfect + for + N
traduction : depuis
I have been waiting for you for two hours!
≠
passé + for + N traduction : pendant / durant
I lived in NYC for two years.
since = depuis.
Ce mot peut être préposition (+ N) : since the start of the year since separating from my husband five years ago,
ou
conjonction (+ S + Vintransitif / S + Vtransitif + O) : since she disappeared [ passé actif ],
Le segment en since marque le début / l'ancrage de la période de référence du bilan :
since (ancrage dans le passé ( = perfect )) ------ bilan ----- > énonciation (present)
sinceconjonction
+
proposition (SVO) au passé actif ou passif
Cette proposition marque le début de la période de référence du bilan.
Exemple :
"It has created a strong and effective leadership team.
Remarkably, not one of the 13 members of that team has left [ present perfect actif ]
since it was established 18 months ago". [ proposition au passé passif = ancrage dans le passé temporel ]
Psyched up for CEO
search:
Comme toutes les prépositions, sincepréposition porte sur une forme nominale (N)
sincepréposition + N marque le début de la période de référence du bilan :
since + last Christmas, 2 o'clock, 1980, the start of the Iraq war, separating from my husband five years ago
Exemple : Remember who's gone vegetarian [ present perfect actif ]
since last Christmas [ marqueur temporel du passé = ancrage dans le passé ]
Watch the birdie,
Names of the Dead
April 9, 2007 The New York Times
The Department of Defense has identified [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
3,258 American service members who have died [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]
since the start of the Iraq war.
It confirmed the deaths
of the following
Americans over the weekend: Pfc., Army; Lahaina, Hawaii; First Infantry Division.
Sgt., Army; Midlothian, Va.; 25th Infantry Division.
Pfc., Army; Levittown, N.Y.; First Infantry Division.
Petty Officer Second Class, Navy; Crystal Falls, Mich.; East Coast Navy Seal Team.
Specialist, Army; Derry, Pa.; First Cavalry Division.
Names of the Dead,
Sincepréposition + N > Autre exemple :
I've been having an affair with a married man [ present perfect actif -ing ] since separating from my husband five years ago.
Privates Lives,
Grammaire prescriptive vs grammaires descriptives / explicatives
Après sinceconjonction, on peut rencontrer - c'est rare et considéré incorrect dans les grammaires prescriptives - une proposition au present perfect :
'It has been a long time since I have seen my sister's grave' Coming home,
The Guardian G2 p. 16 29 January 2007
since (depuis) : préposition / adverbe
since (depuis que) : conjonction
portée nominale ou verbale de since (depuis)
since (puisque) : conjonction
- sincepréposition + N
Portée du N introduit par sincepréposition.
En 1, la portée est verbale ; since déclenche donc le present perfect.
1 - I haven't seen her since last Christmas
Portée nominale :
2 - Hong-Kong plunged [ passé actif ] into its deepest political crisis [ <- ] since the 1997 handover to China
when the territory's leader, Tung Chee-hwa, was this week forced [ passé passif ] into a humiliating u-turn on security legislation demanded by Beijing. Marchers throw Hong-Kong into crisis, GW,
since the 1997 handover to China détermine / porte sur / est relatif à its deepest political crisis.
since n'a donc ici aucune influence sur la forme verbale (plunged [ passé actif ]).
Il en va de même dans la note blibliographique ci-dessous, où since 1950 contribue à délimiter American religion.
Op-Ed Contributor The Presidency’s Mormon Moment
April 9, 2007 The New York Times By KENNETH WOODWARD
IN May, Mitt Romney, the former Massachusetts governor and 2008 Republican presidential hopeful, will give the commencement address at Pat Robertson’s Regent University. What better opportunity for Mr. Romney to discuss the issue of his Mormon faith before an audience of evangelicals? and Mr. Romney should take the opportunity to address them at Regent University. But none of these popular reservations about the Mormon Church are reasons to vote for or against Mitt Romney. History was bound to have its Mormon moment in presidential politics, just as it had its Catholic moment when Kennedy ran. Now that the moment has arrived, much depends on Mr. Romney.
Kenneth Woodward, a contributing editor at Newsweek, is writing a book about American religion since 1950. The Presidency’s Mormon Moment,
- sinceadverbe + ø (depuis)
After Blair's election to leader, the pair became much closer, and Caplin has since been employed [ present perfect passif ] to advise on many aspects of dress, health and fitness, and is credited with introducing Blair to a number of alternative therapists. The court of Cherie,
- sinceconjonction (depuis) + proposition (SVO) avec verbe au passé
I haven't seen her [ present perfect actif ]
since she lost her job. [ passé actif ]
- sinceconjonction (puisque, étant donné que, vu que)
Since Dr Pearce died [ passé actif ] fewer than 24 hours after he left a police cell, Suffolk police have voluntarily referred the incident [ present perfect actif ] to the police complaints authority, as is standard practice. Investigation
into death of arrested pathologist,
marqueurs de temps + present perfect
in the past + N
in the past + N n'est pas un marqueur de temps passé qui appellerait le passé (également appelé prétérit).
Ci-dessous, in the past + N, associé au present perfect affirmatif actif, permet à l'énonciateur de partir d'un point passé annuel indéterminé, puis de remonter jusqu'au présent pour faire un bilan.
Traduction explicative :
si vous vous êtes tant soit peu intéressé à la politique en Israel ces dernières années, dont l'année écoulée...
If you’ve paid any attention to Israeli politics in the past few years, you will have been following the rise, fall and rise again of Benjamin Netanyahu.
Israel’s longest-serving prime minister is still facing trial on corruption charges but is now due to return to office after the most recent election, the fifth in four years.
The far-right radical in Israel’s new government Itamar Ben-Gvir has spent a lifetime on the fringes of Israeli politics. He was once considered so extreme that he wasn’t allowed to serve in the Israeli army. Now he is the country’s security minister. Bethan McKernan reports G Tue 6 Dec 2022 03.00 GMT
https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2022/dec/06/
In the past year [ ces douze derniers mois / de février 2006 à février 2007 ],
more than 500 people have been killed [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
by explosions while shopping or selling goods in the capital’s markets.
Photograph: Khalid Mohammed Associated Press
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market NYT 12 February 2007
https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/
marqueurs de temps / bilan + present perfect
attention, ces marqueurs intègrent last ou past, mais ils ne déclenchent pas le passé :
during the past decade,
during the past year,
in the past decade,
in the past week,
in the last ten years,
over the last three years,
over the last year,
Three times over the last two years,
Three times over the last two decades,
over the past week,
over the past several months,
over the past 21 years,
over the years,
anglais américain > expression du bilan
No Need for All These Nukes
January 7, 2012 The New York Times By PHILIP TAUBMAN
STANFORD,
Calif. as I delved into the world of American nuclear weapons, I felt increasingly [ passé actif affirmatif du verbe irrégulier feel ] as though I had stepped into a time warp. Despite the nearly total rearrangement of the international security landscape since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, the rise of Islamic terrorism and the spread of nuclear materials and technology to volatile nations like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran, the Defense Department remains enthralled by cold war nuclear strategies and practices. No Need for All These Nukes,
American Dream Is Elusive for New Generation
July 6, 2010 The New York Times By LOUIS UCHITELLE
GRAFTON, Mass. — After breakfast, his parents left for their jobs, and Scott Nicholson, alone in the house in this comfortable suburb west of Boston, went to his laptop in the living room. He had placed it on a small table that his mother had used for a vase of flowers until her unemployed son found himself reluctantly stuck at home. The daily routine seldom varied. Mr. Nicholson, 24, a graduate of Colgate University, winner of a dean’s award for academic excellence, spent his mornings searching corporate Web sites for suitable job openings. When he found one, he mailed off a résumé and cover letter — four or five a week, week after week.
Over the last five months [ ces cinq derniers mois / du 1er janvier 2010 à juin 2010 ], only one job materialized [ passé actif affirmatif ].
After several interviews, the Hanover Insurance Group in nearby Worcester offered to hire him as an associate claims adjuster, at $40,000 a year. But even before the formal offer, Mr. Nicholson had decided not to take the job.
American Dream Is
Elusive for New Generation,
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market
February 12, 2007 The New York Times By DAMIEN CAVE
BAGHDAD, Feb. 12 — Four bomb explosions at Baghdad’s oldest market killed at least 67 people and wounded 155 today, charring families in their cars, shredding stores and setting ablaze a seven-story clothing warehouse, where black smoke billowed for hours, witnesses and officials said. The blasts at Central Baghdad’s Shorja Market — the capital’s largest bazaar — struck shortly after Iraq’s Shiite-led government marked the first anniversary, by the Islamic calendar, of an attack that destroyed a revered Shiite mosque in Samarra. That bombing, which shattered the shrine’s golden dome, ignited a wave of sectarian violence in Iraq that has yet to be extinguished. With its timing and severity, today’s attack seemed designed to fuel the country’s sectarian hatreds, and to identify weaknesses in the new American-Iraqi security plan for Baghdad that has just begun.
It was [ passé affirmatif du verbe irrégulier be ] at least the fifth bombing at the Shorja market since August [2006], and one of roughly a dozen attacks at markets over the past year, killing more than 500 people as they bought or sold what they needed to survive.
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market,
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Less than two weeks after its stock price smashed through $600 for the first time, Google Inc. showed why it might not be long before the Internet search leader's shares are flirting with $700. Google unveiled [ passé actif affirmatif ] a way to show text-based ads across the bottom of videos supplied by its YouTube subsidiary and also began distributing ads within ''widgets'' -- the interactive capsules that are becoming Internet staples. Google 3Q Profit Soars 46 Percent,
present perfect actif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
+
marqueurs de temps incluant the first time
for the first time, That's the first time
That's the first time I've ever heard that cat laugh...
Peanuts Charles Schulz GoComics April 07, 2024 https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2024/04/07
For the first time, U.S. dairy cows have tested positive for bird flu
March 31, 2024 NPR
present perfect actif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
avec ou sans marqueur de temps
autres énoncés
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
past perfect > valeurs énonciatives
de l'adverbe / du marqueur de temps
avec adverbe / marqueur de temps
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