|
|
|
learning > grammaire anglaise - niveau avancé
sens et valeur énonciative > breaking news
present perfect actif affirmatif ( haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé ),
présent
ou
passé ?
present perfect actif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
James Caan, an onscreen tough guy and movie craftsman, has died at 82
July 7, 2022 1:42 PM ET
present perfect passif affirmatif
haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
President George Bush has today been re-elected
présent simple actif affirmatif
James Caan, Actor Who Won Fame in ‘The Godfather,’ Dies at 82
present perfect actif affirmatif
valeur énonciative > breaking news
autres énoncés
present perfect simple passif
Boston Sunday Globe, B6 16 November 2003
1968 King Assassination Report CBS News
1968 King Assassination Report Video CBS news
Walter Cronkite had almost finished broadcasting the "CBS Evening News" when he received word of Martin Luther King's assassination.
His report detailed the shooting and the nation's reaction to the tragedy.
YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/
7pm: An American man being held hostage by al-Qaida in Saudi Arabia has been beheaded [ present perfect passif > valeurs > information / scoop ], unconfirmed reports say. The Guardian 18.6.2004 7pm
Hostage killed in Saudi Arabia Al-Qaida's suspected leader in Saudi Arabia is reported killed, after kidnapped American was beheaded [ passé passif > valeurs > reprise d'une information / passé chronologique ].
Profile: Abd al-Aziz al-Muqrin The Guardian 19.6.2004
NEWS ALERT !
Associated Press and CNN Report That Senator Kerry Has Called President Bush [ present perfect actif > valeurs > information / scoop ]
to Concede the Race (11:12 AM ET) NYT WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 2004
(news alert
en rouge dans l'original)
5pm update
Bush wins second term
[ présent simple actif > valeurs > information / scoop ]
The Guardian Staff and agencies Wednesday November 3, 2004
President George Bush has today been re-elected
[ present perfect passif > valeurs > information / scoop ], as US president after the Democratic challenger, John Kerry, conceded defeat in the race for the White House.
Despite early reports that the Democrats would continue to fight for every possible vote in the decisive, and as yet undeclared state of Ohio, Senator Kerry called the president at about 11am EST (1600 GMT) to confirm his withdrawal.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/03/
Present perfect (forme verbale), présent (temps), passé (temps) :
on rencontre le present perfect et ces temps dans les informations de "dernière minute" de la presse audiovisuelle et écrite.
Le present perfect simple actif (haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé) - qui ne doit pas être confondu avec le present perfect -ing -, c'est la forme verbale de l’information qui tombe :
moi, énonciateur-journaliste / témoin / relai, je vous apprends ce qui se passe / vient de se passer / ce qui s'est passé, sans que je fasse le moindre commentaire :
Michael Jackson has died [ present perfect actif > valeurs > information / scoop ]
King of Pop dies [ present simple actif > valeurs > information brute, objective, factuelle ] in Los Angeles hospital after reported cardiac arrest
Friday 26 June 2009 03.10 BST Guardian.co.uk Daniel Nasaw in Washington
Michael Jackson, the American pop legend, died [ passé > valeurs > mise en chronologie ] of a heart attack in a Los Angeles hospital last night, just weeks before he hoped to resurrect his four-decade long career with a series of sold-out shows in London.
Michael Jackson has
died, G, 26.6.2009,
Ce qui est énoncé / annoncé peut parfois renvoyer à des faits depuis longtemps révolus :
le présent du present perfect simple, marqué par haveauxiliaire conjugué au présent, c'est le présent de l'énonciation, de l'information immédiate :
A tiger has escaped from its cage! [ present perfect actf ]
Spiderman Stan Lee 6.11.2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/spidermn/about.htm
I'm afraid Buck has been badly injured, Penny! [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
Buck 's been injured! [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
Rex Morgan Woody Wilson and Graham Nolan Created in 1948 by Nicholas P. Dallis 22.5.2005 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/rmorgan/about.htm
Dans la presse écrite, trois "mises en verbe" d'un même événement sont possibles :
- présent -> present perfect : dans les journaux, de nombreux titres sont au présent et le premier paragraphe est au present perfect.
Agences de presse : Press Association (britannique) utilise souvent ces deux formes.
- passé : c'est le cas de certains titres / premiers paragraphes de journaux.
Agences de presse : Reuters utilise également le présent dans ses titres, mais à l'inverse de Press Association, elle privilégie toujours le passé, avec un ancrage temporel précis > exemples.
9/11
L'information au present perfect est imprévue, imprévisible, contrairement à certains énoncés au passé, que l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice inscrit souvent dans une série d'événements / une chronologie (voir exemples).
Voici ce qui est peut-être la première information écrite - au présent simple - relative aux attentats du 11.9.2001 ('9/11') :
Digital Collection http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/detail.php?id=263&singlecall=1 http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/browse.php?time=2001-09-11-9#
Peu de temps après, CNN et Reuters reprennent l'information au passé actif :
Digital Collection http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/detail.php?id=183&singlecall=1
Digital Collection http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/detail.php?id=237&singlecall=1
Dans le traitement verbal de l'information, l'anglais ne fonctionne pas comme le français.
Le passé des deux dernières dépêches ne se traduirait pas par le passé simple, mais par le passé composé :
Three hijacked planes crashed into... [ passé actif ]
Trois avions détournés par des pirates de l'air... se sont écrasés / ont percuté [ passé composé actif ]
Traduction du present perfect :
Le passé simple (voir ci-dessous) est peu utilisé dans la presse française de la fin du XXe / début du XXIe siècle.
La mise au passé simple donnerait ici l'impression d'un fait éloigné dans le temps, historicisé, théâtralisé, sans conséquences directes sur le présent, sans implication du lecteur / de la lectrice.
A l'inverse du passé composé français et du present perfect anglais, qui présentent le fait dans son immédiateté, le passé simple français en donnerait une re-présentation distanciée, historicisée :
Trois avions détournés par des pirates de l'air s'écrasèrent ...
Voici comment Le Monde, journal français, a rendu compte des attentats du 11 septembre 2001 :
Digital Collection
Breaking news
autres énoncés au present perfect actif ou passif
A woman has been murdered, ma'am ! [ present perfect passif ]
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Fran Matera 19 September 2004 http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/sroper/about.htm
German Cardinal Ratzinger Elected Pope - Cardinal
Tue Apr 19, 2005 12:46 PM ET
VATICAN CITY (Reuters) - Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger of Germany has been elected [ present perfect passif ] pope to lead the Roman Catholic Church,
a cardinal announced [ passé actif ] on Tuesday.
He has chosen Pope Benedict XVI as his papal name, [ present perfect actif ]
the cardinal said [ passé actif ]. German Cardinal
Ratzinger Elected Pope - Cardinal,
World: Former Chechen president Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev has been killed [ present perfect passif affirmtif ] in Qatar when his car exploded [ passé affirmatif ]. G web frontpage, 13.2.2004.
Grounded by terror
Security chiefs have ordered [ present perfect actif affirmatif ] the cancellation of a British Airways flight to Washington for the second day because of fears of a terrorist plot to stage another September 11-style attack.
Youth held over murder
A 17-year-old boy has gone [ present perfect actif affirmatif ] before magistrates charged with the murder of a girl of 10 who was strangled at a Christmas party.
Baby stunt slammed
Australian television presenter Steve Irwin, who dangled his month-old son in front of a crocodile, has provoked [ present perfect actif affirmatif ] a deluge of complaints from viewers Breaking news, web frontpage, T, 3.1.2004.
LATEST: The Egyptian foreign minister has been attacked [ present perfect passif affirmatif ] by Muslim demonstrators at the Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem, according to witnesses. More details soon ...
Guardian web frontpage,
4.45pm update
Egyptian minister attacked in Jerusalem
Agencies Monday December 22, 2003
The Egyptian foreign minister, Ahmed Maher, has been taken [ present perfect passif affirmatif ] to hospital after being attacked at a mosque in Jerusalem. Mr Maher, who is in Jerusalem for talks with the Israeli prime minister,
Ariel Sharon was attacked [ passé passif ] while praying at the al-Aqsa Mosque, the third most holy site for Muslims, according to witnesses. Guardian frontpage, 22.12.2003.
Autres exemples :
LATEST: Brian Stevens, the police liaison officer to the family of Soham murder victim Jessica Chapman, has been arrested [ present perfect passif affirmatif ] with a woman in connection with allegations of perverting the course of justice, says West Midlands police. More details soon Guardian web frontpage, 11.9.2003, 09:45 (ce texte figure en tête de tous les articles).
Latest News
Rats cloned for first time
Rats have been cloned for the first time, [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
scientists have disclosed. [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]. PA, Headline / sub headline, 25.9.2003.
Ministers were accused last night of failing to prepare Britain for an 11 September-style terrorist attack after it emerged that the police and the Army lack enough specialists to cope with such an atrocity. The Independent has learnt [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]. that police chiefs are so short of experts that they plan to use private security companies, such as Group 4, in the event of an attack. The Association of Chief Police Officers (Acpo) has reached [ present perfect actif affirmatif ]. a "gentleman's agreement" with the private sector to get enough manpower to deal with nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) strikes. Terror
attack plans hit by troops shortage,
On remarquera le sens "informatif" des verbes de certains énoncés :
learn
announce
disclose
discover
rediscover
create
arrive
introduce.
Au present perfect, ces verbes participent à la mise en scène de l'information.
Rappel :
present perfect actif affirmatif = haveauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
present perfect passif affirmatif = haveauxiliaire + beenauxiliaire + verbeau participe passé
Présent simple
Les verbes des titres de journaux sont souvent au présent simple.
En voici quelques exemples, tirés de la première page du Guardian Europe du 28.12.2002 (3e exemple : noter la reprise au present perfect de l'énoncé précédent au présent simple) :
Cult scientists claim first human cloning
Insider gives UN details of Iraq arms
Herb Ritts dies The photographer renowned for his work with celebrities such as Madonna (left) has died at 50.
De même, un titre de dépêche d'agence est très souvent au présent simple :
Saddam targeted as war breaks out PA, 20.3.2003, 07:01 GMT.
Allied forces battle towards Baghdad PA, 21.3.2003, 09:26 GMT
B-52's take off from RAF base Eight UK troops die in 'copter crash PA, 21.2.2003, 11:19 GMT
On rencontre souvent des titres d'articles au présent en be + -ing.
Ces titres ne sont pas uniquement informatifs (voir be + -ing : valeur emphatique).
Le titre ci-dessous relève tout autant de l'information que de la proclamation :
Britons are winning war on smoking
The number of smokers in England and Wales has hit a record low, with levels now plummeting by 170,000 people each year, according to Cancer Research UK. A huge drop over the past few years puts the current level of those who smoke at one out of four people, outstripping government targets for 2005 of 26 per cent. This means that half a million fewer people are indulging in the habit than in 2000. The study, which looks at data from the General Household Survey (GHS) and the Omnibus survey, shows the lowest percentage of people smoking since figures using the GHS began in the early Seventies. The new figures have delighted anti-smoking groups, who feared that the situation in the Nineties - where the rate stopped declining and there was a persistently high level of smoking - was irreversible.
Headline and first §§,
The Guardian p. 13 2.6.2005 http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2005/06/02/pages/brd13.shtml
breaking news / present perfect > autres énoncés
le corpus 999 call transcripts
BBC Radio 4 headline, 23.3.2003, 7 AM UK time.
The tower has totally collapsed. Extrait d'un journal télévisé, 11.9.2003 ("9/11").
Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, who has died at the age of 101, [ present perfect actif ]
was [ passé actif ] the Mother Earth and Mother Courage of her family during almost 80 years of public life.
A
life of legend, duty and devotion, GE, p. 10, 1.4.2002,
Information nouvelle : present perfect (auxiliaire + verbeau participe passé). ≠ Rappel d'une information : passé (les qualités de la Reine Mère sont déjà / bien connues, historiques).
It has just been announced [ present perfect passif ] by Buckingham Palace that Princess Margaret has died [ present perfect actif ]. BBC Radio 4, 9-2-2002, 9:35.
Buckingham Palace vient d’annoncer à l’instant la mort de la Princesse Margaret.
Traduction d'anglais en français :
passage, pour le premier Groupe Verbal, du present perfect passif has just been announced au présent actif vient d’annoncer et, pour le second GV, passage du verbal has died au nominal : la mort de la Princesse Margaret
Massive fields of ice have been discovered [ present perfect passif ] on Mars, raising hopes that the Red Planet could support life. Life on Mars hopes after ice find, O, p. 3, 3.3.2002.
Scientists have created [ present perfect actif ] the first transistor made from a single atom, advancing the prospect of building powerful computers small enough to fit on the full stop at the end of this sentence.
Shrinking computer nears the size of a full stop,
It’s your move Let battle commence (…) Xbox The most powerful console ever has arrived. [ present perfect actif ] So check out the amazing Xbox pckages in-store right now. Currys ad, ES, p. 34, 5.4.2002.
This Easter you’ll find sensational savings at DFS. We’ve slashed [ present perfect actif ] an amazing 50% off everything in our Half Price Collection. DFS ad, ES, p. 20, 28.3.2002, souligné dans le texte.
Howard, who has died [ present perfect actif ] aged 74 after a heart attack, was [ passé actif ] better qualified than most to speak on the subject, for he was [ passé actif ] one of the genre’s great lyricists.
Prolific
songwriter of country music hits:
Information inédite / mise en avant -> present perfect.
Récit / résumé des informations supposées déjà connues -> passé.
Ornithologists have rediscovered [ present perfect actif ] one of the world’s rarest parrots after an absence of 91 years. Hapalopsittaca fuertesi, fuertes parrot or the indigo-winged parrot, was first discovered [ passé passif ] in the Central Andes in 1911. Rare
parrot rediscovered in Colombia after 91 years,
Dans le texte suivant, l’énonciateur utilise d’abord le passé, puis passe au present perfect pour donner les dernières nouvelles (update / breaking the latest news) : le suspect vient d'être mis en examen pour meurtre.
" I have the following update regarding the ongoing investigation into the murder of Y. In the early hours of this morning X, who was arrested [ passé passif ] in the early hours of Saturday morning, underwent the last of a series of medical examinations which had taken [ past perfect actif ] place since his arrest. Upon a psychiatrist’s recommendation,
X was detained [ passé passif ] under the Mental Health Act 1983.
At around 2 am today he was transferred [ passé passif ] from police custody to a secure unit where he will undergo further assessment. Following lengthy discussions with the Crown Prosecution Service in Cambridgeshire, I can tell you that in the last hour detectives from the force have driven [ present perfect actif ] to the secure unit
and have charged [ present perfect actif ] X with the murder of Y. " The Statement, GE, p. 4, 21.8.2002.
Remarque : in the last hour appelle le present perfect ( ¹ de an hour ago + passé).
Traduction explicative : in the last hour (il y a quelques instants) ≠ an hour ago (il y a une heure de cela)
Suite d'énoncés en have + participe passé > effet emphatique (mise en scène)
Texte ci-dessous : les événements traumatiques sont passés d'un point de vue chronologique ("appartenir au passé"), mais ils restent toujours présents à la mémoire du sujet.
Le passé chronologique est ici un présent psychologique indépassable (traumatisme). Le passé reste toujours présent :
He has had [ past perfect + participe passé -> ] his front teeth punched out and been knocked [ past perfect passif ] unconscious by another prisoner.
He has been beaten up [ past perfect passif ] by two prison guards, one of whom held him while another kicked him.
He has tried [ past perfect actif ] to hang himself with his bedsheet.
Detainee
suicidal after jail ordeal,
Esso ad The Guardian 31 May 2004
Passage du present perfect au passé
Dans les deux énoncés qui suivent, on passe du present perfect actif (have won) (sous-titre à la une du site du Guardian = info qui "tombe") au passé actif (won) (corps de l'article principal = reprise de la relation prédicative + mise en scène de l'information comme un événement historique) :
England have won the Rugby World Cup - after Jonny Wilkinson's drop-goal gave them a 20-17 extra-time victory over Australia.
Wilkinson leads England
to glory, web frontpage,
Wilkinson leads England to glory
England's victory wasn't pretty, but it was deserved, argues Sean Ingle
England today won the Rugby World Cup for the first time ever - and in a way that would most infuriated their Australian hosts: with ugly, attritional rugby, and through the boot of Jonny Wilkinson.
Headline, sub and §1,
breaking the news
contraste présent / present perfect / past perfect / passé
capture de Saddam Hussein
"Ladies and gentlemen, we got him" [ passé actif ]
Articles et dépêches ci-dessous ont été écrits rapidement. Certains présentent des omissions et des "coquilles", que nous laissons telles quelles.
BREAKING NEWS
Saddam Hussein captured
Saddam Hussein has been captured [ present perfect passif affirmatif ] alive in Iraq, Prime Minister Tony Blair confirms [ présent actif affirmatif ]
Mirror frontpage,
14.12.2003.
Saddam Hussein has been captured [ present perfect passif ] alive in Iraq, Prime Minister Tony Blair confirmed today. [ passé actif ]
The former Iraqi dictator was seized [ passé passif ] in his home town of Tikrit, according to reports.
Mr Blair said in a statement: [ passé actif ] "I very much welcome the capture last night of Saddam Hussein."
He added: [ passé actif ] "I pay tribute to the work of the Coalition intelligence and military forces in capturing him.
"This is very good news for the people of Iraq.
Footage on TV station Al-Arabiya showing Saddam after his capture
"It removes the shadow that has been hanging over them for too long of the nightmare of a return to the Saddam regime. [ Syntaxe théorique : the shadow of the nightmare of a return to the Saddam regime that has been hanging over them for too long ]
"This fear is now removed. "It also gives an opportunity for Saddam to be tried in Iraqi courts for his crimes against the Iraqi people. "And it gives us an opportunity to take a step forward in Iraq. "In particular I appeal for the Sunni community and former Ba'athist officials to grasp the opportunity for reconciliation. "We should try now to unite the whole of Iraq in rebuilding the country and offering it a new future." Saddam's capture sparked jubilant scenes in Iraq. "We are celebrating like it's a wedding," said Mustapha Sheriff, a resident of Kirkuk. "We are finally rid of that criminal." "This is the joy of a lifetime," said Ali Al-Bashiri, another Kirkuk resident. "I am speaking on behalf of all the people that suffered under his rule."
US special forces acting on information from Kurdish fighters were understood to have taken [ present perfect actif à l'infinitif ] Saddam prisoner.
The former tyrant, who ruled Iraq for 23 years before the coalition invasion in April, was hiding in a cellar, according to some reports. He had (been) a fugitive since then with a 25 million US dollar (£16 million) bounty on his head.
Saddam
captured, Mi, 14.12.2003,
Tony Blair has confirmed [ present perfect actif affirmatif ] Saddam Hussein has been captured alive. [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
Ananova,
14.12.2003.
Blair confirms Saddam arrest Tony Blair has confirmed Saddam Hussein has been captured alive.
In a statement, the Prime Minister said Saddam was seized last night. Mr Blair said the arrest "removes the shadow" of his return and "gives an opportunity for Saddam to be tried in Iraqi courts. He said: "I pay tribute to the work of the Coalition intelligence and military forces in capturing him. This is very good news for the people of Iraq. "It removes the shadow that has been hanging over them for too long of the nightmare of a return to the Saddam regime. This fear is now removed. "It also gives an opportunity for Saddam to be tried in Iraqi courts for his crimes against the Iraqi people. And it gives us an opportunity to take a step forward in Iraq. "In particular I appeal for the Sunni community and former Ba'athist officials to grasp the opportunity for reconciliation. We should try now to unite the whole of Iraq in rebuilding the country and offering it a new future." A member of the US-appointed Governing Council said Saddam had been captured in his home town of Tikrit. There have been reports that Saddam had been dug out of a cellar. In Baghdad, residents fired small arms in the air in celebration, and gunfire echoed across the city.
Story filed: 11:18
Sunday 14th December 2003,
1pm: Former Iraqi leader arrested in 8 foot deep hole south of Tikrit, northern Iraq.
O frontpage, top story, 14.12.2003.
Saddam Hussein
captured was last night found by US forces at the bottom of a hole near his home town of Tikrit, it was announced today. Without a shot being fired, members of the US army's 4th infantry division and special forces closed in at 8.30pm yesterday on a small walled farming compound 10 miles south of the city where they discovered the hiding place. Video footage of Saddam's medical inspection after he was pulled from the hole showed a dishevelled figure with unkempt dark hair and a thick beard that had become grey. Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez said he offered no resistance and was "cooperative and talkative" in custody. He said he had no idea how long Saddam had been in his final hiding place but he appeared to be a man "resigned to his fate". $750,000 in $100 notes, two AK47s and a taxi were also found in the compound. Saddam was with two supporters but Lt Gen Sanchez said DNA tests had not yet proved their identities. The former Iraqi president had not been seen since US forces entered Baghdad in April. Despite the high profile and bloody operation to kill his sons, and the capture of many of the former regime's most senior figures, Saddam had proved elusive. Addressing a press conference in Baghdad, Paul Bremer, the civilian head of Iraq's US-led administration, said "Ladies and gentleman, we got him" to rapturous cheers from Iraqi journalists attending. Reports from Basra and Baghdad say that shots of celebratory gunfire were heard this morning as the news spread through the cities. "This is a great day in Iraq's history," Mr Bremer said. "For decades hundreds of thousands of Iraqis suffered at the hands of this cruel man. "Those days are now over forever. Now it is time to look to the future. The tyrant is a prisoner, the economy is moving forward. You have before you the prospect of a sovereign government in a few months." He said he hoped insurgents battling the US-led occupation would end their struggle and come together in a spirit of "reconciliation and hope" to rebuild the country. The prime minister, Tony Blair, said Saddam would be put on trial by an Iraqi court. He said his capture "removes the shadow" hanging over Iraq. The capture may break the spirit of some of his diehard supporters and ease the anxieties of many Iraqis that Saddam would return to supress them. "His arrest will put an end to military and terrorist attacks and the Iraqi nation will achieve stability," said Amar al-Hakin, a senior member of the Shi'ite political party the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq told Reuters. But there are also fears it could provoke further attacks by insurgents. US officials will also hope to extract intelligence on the alleged weapons programmes that Washington and its mainly British allies went to war to neuter but - as yet - have not been discovered.
O, 14.12.2003,
Saddam Hussein is captured by US forces
14 December 2003 AP
American forces captured a bearded Saddam Hussein hiding in a hole in a farmhouse cellar in northern Iraq, the US military announced this afternoon. The arrest was carried out without a shot fired and Saddam did not resist. "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him," US administrator in Iraq Paul Bremer told a news conference, "the tyrant is a prisoner." Mr Bremer said that Saddam was captured last night at 8.30pm (1730 GMT) hiding in the cellar in Adwar, 10 miles 16 kilometers from Tikrit, ending one of the most intense manhunts in history. In Baghdad, radio stations played celebratory music, residents fired small arms in the air in celebration and others drove through the streets, shouting, "They got Saddam! They got Saddam!" At the news conference announcing his capture, US forces presented a video showing a bearded Saddam being examined by a doctor holding his mouth open with a tongue depressor, apparently to get a DNA sample. Then a video was shown of Saddam after he was shaved. Iraqi journalists in the audience stood, pointed and shouted "Death to Saddam!" and "Down with Saddam!" Saddam is being held at an undisclosed location and American authorities were said not to have decided whether to hand him over to the Iraqis for trial. However, Ahmad Chalabi, a member of Iraq's Governing Council, speaking on Al-Iraqiya, a Pentagon-funded TV station, said the former dictator would stand trial "Saddam will stand a public trial so that the Iraqi people will know his crimes," said Mr Chalabi, who is a leading member of the US-appointed council who has close links to the US administration of President George Bush. Tony Blair said in a statement: "This is very good news for the people of Iraq. It removes the shadow that has been hanging over them for too long of the nightmare of a return to the Saddam regime." Forces from the 4th Infantry Division with Special Forces captured Saddam, the US military said. There were no shots fired or injuries in the raid, called "Operation Red Dawn," said Lieutenant General Richardo Sanchez. Trapped in the cellar, Saddam was in a six-to-eight-foot-deep "spider hole" that had been camouflaged with bricks and dirt. The soldiers saw the hole, investigated and found him inside, Sanchez said. The video showed an air vent and fan inside the hole to allow Saddam to remain hidden for an extended period. "I'm very happy for the Iraqi people. Life is going to be safer now," said 35-yearold Yehya Hassan, a resident of Baghdad. "Now we can start a new beginning." Earlier in the day, rumours of the capture sent people streaming into the streets of Kirkuk, a northern Iraqi city, firing guns in the air in celebration. "We are celebrating like it's a wedding," said Kirkuk resident Mustapha Sheriff. "We are finally rid of that criminal." "This is the joy of a lifetime," said Ali Al-Bashiri, another resident. "I am speaking on behalf of all the people that suffered under his rule."
IoS, 14.12.2003,
Breaking news Britain : last updated, December 14, 2003 13:40
Saddam Hussein: 'We got him'
The capture of Saddam Hussein has been confirmed [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
by Paul Bremer, head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq who told a news conference: "Ladies and gentlemen we got him!"
Saddam had been found [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
hiding in a hole 6ft to 8ft deep at a remote farmhouse near Tikrit in an operation entitled Operation Red Dawn, which involved the 4th Infantry and special Coalition forces, the conference was told. Pictures of Saddam undergoing his medical tests after his capture were shown live at the press conference, and prompted wild cheers from journalists. T online, 14.12.2003.
breaking the news
contraste present perfect / passé
999 call transcript
Mr Savident: "I've been stabbed." [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
Operator: "When did this happen?" [ passé de happen à la forme interrogative ]
Le début du dialogue ci-après enchaîne present perfect et passé selon le mode :
1 - apport d'information -> present perfect.
2 - insertion du fait rapporté dans le temps chronologique apport d'information d'ordre temporel / reprise d'information -> passé.
1 - apport d'information -> present perfect : I've been stabbed.
Important : ce qui est présent, ce n'est pas nécessairement l'information relatée, mais l'apport / la transmission de l'information, qui s'effectue via haveauxiliaire.
Traduction explicative : moi qui te parle, là / maintenant, je t'annonce que / j'ai cette information pour toi...
Annonciateur / signal de l'information à venir, haveauxiliaire marque une discontinuité avec le passé temporel (les événements) et le passé linguistique (passé, également appelé prétérit) tout en visant directement le co-énonciateur (// auxiliaire avoir en français : Non mais tu as entendu ce que je te dis ?!).
L'implication du co-énonciateur est encore plus évidente lorsque l'auxiliaire est contracté ('ve).
Le sujet You est "phagocyté" / mangé par le prédicat 've heard what I've said :
Hypocrite You've heard what I've said You've read what I wrote ... http://www.geocities.com/aggirl3/page8.html
For seven and a half years you’ve heard what I have to say about things, watched me wrestle with issues, experienced my way of doing things, ... http://members.aol.com/yarmouthuu/WOWDec02.htm
Relation au co-énonciateur : le present perfect se situe ici à l'opposé du passé narratif.
Avec le passé, l'écrivain fait souvent semblant d'écrire l'histoire pour elle-même, prétend ne pas s'adresser à "you", ne pas avoir de lecteur / lectrice, de "cible".
Le fait rapporté au present perfect informatif - forme verbale de l'information - peut se produire / s'être produit à l'instant (lire énoncés plus bas), ou il y a plusieurs années :
Have you seen The Silence of the Lambs? [ present perfect actif ] Yes, I have.
When did you see it? [ passé ] I saw it five years ago.
2 - "placement" du fait rapporté dans le temps chronologique / apport d'information d'ordre temporel / reprise d'information -> passé :
Mr Savident: "I've been stabbed. (Tells them phone number)" [ present perfect passif affirmatif ]
Operator: "When did this happen?" [ passé actif > forme interrogative ]
Savident: "Ten minutes, quarter of an hour ago."
L'anglais fonctionne ici différemment du français (passé composé dans les deux cas) : "On m'a poignardé" "C'est arrivé quand ?"
Operator: "You are through to the ambulance. Tell me your telephone number."
(Tells them phone number)"
[ passé de happen à la forme interrogative ]
The Coronation Street star then begins mumbling as he gradually loses strength.
Savident: "I cannot see him. I am passing out. He has got all my keys."
if there is more than one wound?"
the attacker may be coming back?"
He has got my keys but I have put the lock on... Chain type."
I can hear him. I think he is coming back."
He said he is schizophrenic. He is trying to get in. He is trying to get in."
He is banging on the door and is trying to get in."
He said he would. Yeah, he is here now."
(Pause). Savident: "What is important, you have got to keep this out of the papers. Operator: "Right, don't worry about anything like that. Let's just take care of yourself, OK?"
I play Fred Elliott in Coronation Street, so the Sun and the News of the World and all these people..."
We're going to worry about your health first of all. Try to keep your breath nice and even. The police know all the details and they are coming as soon as possible."
Savident: "I think he is giving up."
Mentions his car).
Operator: "Is there anything stuck in any of your wounds?"
and are almost with you."
(Pause. Savident mumbling).
Operator: "Are you lying on the floor?"
(Pause).
Operator: "Have you been out tonight?"
(Knocking at the front door. Other voices can be heard outside).
Operator: "It sounded like a female voice, that. It might be a police woman."
It is outside but they have to approach with caution. You are safe now."
Savident: "I can hear voices. I will open the door. If they identify themselves I will try to get the lock... Someone is banging at the door. Who is it?" (Voices heard in the background).
Operator: "Don't worry, John. We will not go away."
It was them knocking. Can you make it to the door, John?"
(Savident asks if the police will come in through the French windows at the front of his flat).
Operator: "They will not come up a ladder." (In background) Answer: "The police"
Savident: "Be patient."
(End of tape).
Coronation Street star's 999 call, BBC 1,
10.12.2002,
Lorsque l'événement s'inscrit dans une chronologie (dernier événement en date dans une série), ou lorsqu'il est daté précisément (ex : Fri December 26, 2003 12:47 AM ET), le passé est souvent utilisé.
Avec le passé, l'énonciateur / l'énonciatrice ne fait pas que "mettre au passé" un événement / un énoncé. Il / elle le relie à d'autres événements, à du déjà dit, du pré-énoncé.
A la différence du present perfect, qui marque une rupture, une discontinuité, et vise à effacer toute référence, le passé peut fonctionner à la fois comme lien historique (extra-linguistique : référence à des événements passés) et lien énonciatif (passé en série):
Top Official: Many Killed, Injured in Iran Quake
Fri December 26, 2003 12:47 AM ET
TEHRAN (Reuters) - An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter struck southeastern Iran Friday, killing and injuring many people in the city of Bam, a senior Iranian official said. "There is a lot of dead and injured in Bam city and all the cooperation has been done to take them out," Mohammad Ali Karimi, governor of Kerman province, told state media. "There was a lot of damage in the city," he said. State radio said a lot of people were "buried" under debris in Bam. The official IRNA news agency said Red Crescent rescue teams had been dispatched to the quake-hit area in Kerman province. Quakes are (présent) a regular occurrence in Iran, which is crossed by several major fault lines in the earth's structure. Top Official: Many Killed, Injured in
Iran Quake,
Même information, autre média (édition web du Daily Telegraph), autre forme verbale ; à la rubrique Breaking news, en tête de tous les titres de la Une, le quotidien britannique utilise le present perfect.
Dans cette accroche, le tremblement de terre n'est pas relié aux précédents, ni situé dans le temps chronologique :
Quake hits mud-brick city [ présent simple actif ]
An earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale has struck the ancient city of Bam, in southeast Iran, [ présent perfect simple actif ] killing at least 2,000 people and destroying over 60 per cent of buildings.
Headline and §1,
A noter toutefois que certains média, dont l'agence Reuters, utilisent le passé pour traiter les informations qui viennent de tomber. Reuters situe précisément l'événement dans le temps chronologique.
10am update Dozens killed in Madrid bombs
Thursday March 11, 2004 The Guardian
Simon Jeffery and agencies
More than 60 people were reported dead and many more injured this morning in a series of rush-hour explosions at Madrid train stations. The attack - Spain's deadliest-ever terrorist bombing - was blamed by Spanish authorities on the Basque separatist group Eta. It comes ahead of general election on Sunday. The bombs were detonated near simultaneously at 7.35am local time (6.35am GMT). The interior minister, Angel Acebes, said they went off without any warning. The largest was on a commuter train pulling into the city's main Atocha station. At least 40 people were killed as the explosion ripped out the central section of the red and white train carriage.
Headline and first §§,
Même événement traitement verbal différent :
Press Association (PA) privilégie le present perfect pour donner l'information essentielle.
Le rédacteur passe ensuite au passé pour décrire et dater :
182 dead in Madrid rail station blasts
Powerful explosions have rocked [ present perfect actif ] three Madrid train stations, killing 182 rush-hour commuters and wounding nearly 600. "This is a massacre," government spokesman Eduardo Zaplana said. Bombs exploded [ passé actif ] around 7.30am local time in a commuter train arriving at Atocha station, a bustling hub for subway, commuter and long-distance trains in Spain's capital. PA, headline and first §§, 11.3.2004.
passé (information-bilan)
vs
present perfect (information-bilan)
Two US soldiers and an Iraqi translator were killed [ passé passif ] when a roadside bomb exploded [ passé actif ] near a US military convoy in Baghdad today.
Two other soldiers from the 1st Armoured Division were wounded [ passé passif ] in the attack, which took place [ passé actif ] at about 11.45am (0845 GMT), a US military spokesman said. [ passé actif ]
Three US soldiers have now been killed [ present perfect passif affirmatif ] in combat in the past week, raising the combat death toll since the US-led invasion began [ passé actif ] in March to 317.
Three killed in Baghdad bombing,
Pakistan Leader Survives Latest Attack, Minister Says
Thu December 25, 2003 06:20 AM ET By Mian Khursheed
RAWALPINDI, Pakistan (Reuters) - Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf narrowly survived a second assassination bid in less than two weeks Thursday when suicide car bombers attacked his motorcade, killing at least seven people and wounding 17. The blasts on the same main road in the city of Rawalpindi where Musharraf escaped an assassination bid on December 14, slightly damaged the president's armored Mercedes but he was unhurt, officials said.
Headline and first §§, R, 25.12.2003,
Bomb Kills U.S. Soldier; Rockets Hit Baghdad
Thu December 25, 2003 05:14 AM ET Reuters
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - About a dozen rockets and mortar rounds slammed into central Baghdad Thursday in fresh guerrilla attacks, as the U.S. military said an American soldier was killed by a roadside bomb.
Headline and first §§, R, 25.12.2003,
Voir aussi > Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise explicative - niveau avancé
past perfect > valeurs énonciatives
|
|
|
